El texto presenta una crítica moderada al excesivo valor pedagógico concedido actualmente a las tecnologías digitales para la enseñanza online. A partir de la sospecha vertida por Andrew Feenberg sobre las bondades supuestas del papel de Internet en la enseñanza superior, se presenta un análisis de la aplicación de las nuevas tecnologías a la educación no presencial y a un tipo particular de problema tecno-epistémico que puede derivar en una disminución cualitativa de la enseñanza en las aulas. Frente a ello, (...) se proponen algunas opciones de mejora y se concluye con un enfoque crítico relativizado que, junto con el reconocimiento de la valía de ciertas tecnologías para las enseñanzas no presenciales, asuma el valor inherente de ciertos elementos tradicionales que no deben ser desmerecidos por intereses económicos ni por tendencias pasajeras. (shrink)

Resumen En este artículo propongo un análisis crítico de varias tendencias filosóficas contrarias al uso de la noción de verdad en el ámbito epistemológico, especialmente la de Rorty. En particular, sostengo que la verdad es un concepto clave para el estudio del conocimiento, especialmente el científico, en cuanto toma una forma concisa en los procedimientos experimentales de carácter probatorio-empírico. Gracias a este enfoque, busco socavar varias tesis de los enfoques de la ‘posverdad’ por medio del uso de un conjunto de (...) procedimientos científicos de obtención de evidencias en varios campos vinculados a la disciplina práctica de la medicina.In thispaper, I present a critical analysis of several philosophical tendencies that go against the use of the notion of truth in epistemology, especially Rorty’s one. Particularly, I claim that truth is a key conceptfor the study of knowledge, especially the scientific knowledge, as it takes a concise form through the experimentalprocedures for eliciting evidences. With the help of this analysis, I seek to undermine some ‘post-truth’ theses by means of analyying some scientific procedures to get evidences in severalfields related to the practical discipline of medicine. (shrink)

Resumen En el texto se expone un proceso de modelación basado en dos consideraciones (Sec. 2): que los modelos son autónomos y que sus metas directas son al menos tres: estar bien construidos, adecuarse al mundo empírico y ser capaces de realizar tareas subrogatorias. Para ello, se esbozan varios ingredientes fundamentales de la tarea modeladora en la lingüística basada en evidencias, así como los de un marco formal elegido para representar aquellos. La tercera sección está dedicada a aplicar el presente (...) análisis al caso de las redes complejas con el fin de que conceptos clave como la validez, la fiabilidad y la replicabilidad de la modelación, así como el concepto de diseño experimental en RC, se puedan observar desde un prisma representacional. La sección cuarta refleja las capacidades aplicativas de (RC), especialmente en el caso del aprendizaje del lenguaje en casos atípicos y a menudo socialmente marginados. A modo de cierre, la conclusión resume la puesta en práctica de la herramienta RC. Abstract A modeling process is initially outlined based on two considerations (Sec. 2), namely that models themselves are autonomous and that their direct goals are at least threefold: to be well constructed, to fit the empirical world, and to be able to perform subrogative tasks. This section outlines the fundamental elements of the modeling task in evidence-based linguistics, as well as those of a formal framework chosen to represent the former. The third section is devoted to applying the present theoretical analysis to the case of complex networks (CN), so that key concepts such as validity, reliability and replicability of modeling, as well as the concept of experimental design in complex networks, can be viewed from a representational perspective. The fourth section reflects the application capabilities of CN, especially in the case of language learning in atypical and often socially marginalized cases. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the implementation of the CN-tool. (shrink)

One of the reasons for Carnap’s (1922) analysis of space was the confounding status of many arguments around the state of the art on that topic at that time. The unsatisfactory views supplied by mathematicians, physicists and philosophers led Carnap to propose a new conception of space. His proposal, which employs the notion of intuition as a fundamental tool, fared better, but clashed with his conventionalists intentions derived from an allegedly tolerant attitude. The notion of intuition here examined allows us (...) to claim that Carnap’s target was also an objectivist epistemological program dependent on certain realistic reminiscences embodied in the notion of evidence or matter of fact (Tatbestand). (shrink)

This paper argues for the theoretical and practical validity of similarity as a useful epistemological tool in scientific knowledge generation, specifically in chemistry. Classical analyses of similarity in philosophy of science do not account for the concept’s practical significance in scientific activities. We recur to examples from chemistry to counter the claim of authors like Quine or Goodman to the effect that similarity must be excluded from scientific practices . In conclusion we argue that more recent conceptualizations of the notion (...) of similarity, particularly Giere’s one, are appropriate for a philosophical analysis that considers scientific practices on equal terms with scientific theory. (shrink)

En el texto defendemos que la crítica de Byung-Chul Han a la sociedad actual en sus vertientes epistémica y tecnocientífica es una pseudo-crítica. Su crítica de la noción de transparencia se teje con citas y reflexiones de naturaleza poco clara que chocan de frente con nuestra concepción de lo que es la crítica filosófica. Como alternativa, proponemos una crítica argumentada de los mismos fenómenos a los que apunta Han con el fin de desmontar su propuesta al respecto. Sobre el trasfondo (...) de la filosofía racionalista crítica de Popper y de la semiótica crítica de Eco, proponemos escrutar las nociones de conocimiento, enseñanza y tecnologías a partir del análisis de varios conceptos clave: el pseudo-conocimiento, la posverdad y el bullshit. A partir de ello, sostenemos que hay otros fenómenos (mala ciencia y mala filosofía, cámaras de eco, burbujas epistémicas) cuyo examen nos puede ayudar a acometer nuestra tarea crítica razonada de un fenómeno clave en la actualidad que Han ni siquiera ha previsto: las tecno-enseñanza online. (shrink)

The article focuses on some discursive defects that influence on decision-making around issues of science and technology (technoscience). Particularly, the nature and use of the linguistic phenomenon known as bullshit are analysed, and the results of this analysis are placed into the general context of the controversy about climate change. The conclusion emphasizes the relevance of avoiding confusions and humbug in the information available to the public and linked to decisions in the realm of science policy or regulation.

La crítica contundente de Quine a las nociones intensionales, así como a todo lo superfluo para una ontología de raíz lógica de primer orden, le condujo a rechazar la validez de la noción de semejanza en el ámbito de las ciencias maduras . El artículo consiste preci-samente en responder a esta crítica desde una perspectiva no formalista en la que la ciencia no se reduce a simple teoría, sino que se comprende como un complejo interactivo de diversas prácticas . Mi (...) respuesta a Quine toma como eje fundamental el análisis de la semejanza en una ciencia madura como lo es la química, y presenta un estudio de caso en el ámbito de la química sintética. El objetivo del artí-culo es en tal sentido triple: por un lado, critico la concepción reductivis-ta quineana de la ciencia; por otro, reclamo la importancia de la semejan-za en química; y, por último, reivindico lo que denomino pragmatismo ex-perimental, un modo de análisis de la tecnociencia que tiene en cuenta la práctica real de ésta y la interacción teoría-experimento-prácticas científicas des-de una perspectiva naturalista. El título incluye el verbo “desquinear”, in-existente en español, en clara referencia a mi negativa de aceptar el análi-sis de Quine.Quine's strong criticism of intensional notions as well as of everything that is superfluous for an ontology based on first order logic led him to deny the legitimacy of the notion of similarity in the realm of the mature sciences . In this paper I try to refute Quine's view by adopting a non-formalistic perspective, i.e., a perspec-tive in which science is not simply reduced to a theory, but is rather seen as an interative complex of several different forms of scientific practices . My reply to Quine has as main pillar the analysis of the notion of similarity in a mature science like chemistry, and is based on a study of a concrete case in the realm of synthetic chemistry. The aim of this paper is, therefore, threefold: first, I shall criticize Quine's reductivism regarding science; second, I shall defend the centrality of the notion of similarity in chemistry; fi-nally, I shall defend what I call experimental pragmatism, i.e., a specific way of analysing technological sciences that takes into account both the actual scientific practice and the interaction between theory, ex-periment and practices from a naturalistic point of view. The title con-tains the verb "de-quining", which does not actually exist in Spanish, but clearly refers to my rejection of Quine's analysis. (shrink)

Los editores de este libro han conseguido reunir algunas de las mejores firmas de lo que en la actualidad se denomina 'filosofía de la química'. Esta subdisciplina de la filosofía de la ciencia, hasta hace bien poco marginal, comienza a exigir durante la década pasada el lugar adecuado que considera se merece, pero que la falta de análisis especializados, de talante no puramente histórico, por parte de filósofos había imposibilitado. De hecho, la supremacía de los estudios acerca de la reducción (...) de la química a la física ahondó considerable—mente en la falta de interés filosófico por las cuestiones químicas. Las fugaces apariciones de artículos dedicados al tema no hacían sino confirmar la regla de la apatía por él. Muchas eran—y son—las cuestiones que, sin embargo, rodeaban, se plasmaban y podían recibir la aclaración pertinente en el mundo de la filosofía de la química. Cuestiones que, planteadas en el marco general de la filosofía de la ciencia, no siempre se adecuaban al temario de subdisciplinas como la filosofía de la biología o la filosofía de la física. Pero también cuestiones propias de la química que podían incitar a la creación de nuevas estrategias generales. Este libro recoge una serie de respuestas en tal sentido, al proponer un elenco temático que evidencia la amplitud y el interés de los problemas filosóficos que la química origina. (shrink)

Mechanistic information is used in the field of risk assessment in order to clarify two controversial methodological issues, the selection of inference guides and the definition of standards of evidence. In this paper we present an analysis of the concept of mechanistic information in risk assessment by recurring to previous philosophical analyses of mechanistic explanation. Our conclusion is that the conceptual analysis of mechanistic explanation facilitates a better characterization of the concept of mechanistic information. However, it also shows that the (...) use of this kind of information in risk assessment is heavily influenced by pragmatic factors, which have not been sufficiently taken into account in philosophical analysis. Mechanistic models are like hypothesis that have to be validated empirically. Due to their dependence on the standards of evidence, they are subject to the same pragmatic factors. Therefore, recurring to mechanistic information does not lead to closure of the methodological controversies in risk assessment. (shrink)

SENA, Luzia (Org.). Ensino religioso e formação docente . (Religious teaching and teacher qualification) Amauri Carlos Ferreira SANGENIS, Luiz Fernando Conde. Gênese do pensamento único em educação: franciscanismo e jesuitismo na história da educação brasileira. (Genesis of an only thought in education: franciscanism and Jesuitism in the history of Brazilian education) Antônio Francisco da Silva TREVISAN, A. Santo Tomás de Aquino – O Credo: tradução, prefácio, introdução e notas. (Saint Thomas of Aquinas – The Creed: translation, preface, introduction and notes) (...) Ivonei Antônio de Oliveira BENELLI, Sílvio José. Pescadores de homens. Estudo psicossocial de um seminário católico. (Fishers of men. A psycho-social study of a Catholic seminary) João Batista Libanio ESTRADA, Juan Antonio. A impossível teodicéia: a crise de fé em Deus e o problema do mal. (The impossible theodicy: the crisis of faith in God and the problem of evil) Lindomar Rocha Mota USARSKI, Frank. Constituintes da Ciência da Religião: cinco ensaios em prol de uma disciplina. (Constituents of the science of religion: five essays on behalf of a discipline) Roberlei Panasiewicz CONGAR, Yves. Ele é o Senhor e dá a vida. (He is the Lord and bestows life) Roberlei Panasiewicz. (shrink)

The use of black box algorithms in medicine has raised scholarly concerns due to their opaqueness and lack of trustworthiness. Concerns about potential bias, accountability and responsibility, patient autonomy and compromised trust transpire with black box algorithms. These worries connect epistemic concerns with normative issues. In this paper, we outline that black box algorithms are less problematic for epistemic reasons than many scholars seem to believe. By outlining that more transparency in algorithms is not always necessary, and by explaining that (...) computational processes are indeed methodologically opaque to humans, we argue that the reliability of algorithms provides reasons for trusting the outcomes of medical artificial intelligence. To this end, we explain how computational reliabilism, which does not require transparency and supports the reliability of algorithms, justifies the belief that results of medical AI are to be trusted. We also argue that several ethical concerns remain with black box algorithms, even when the results are trustworthy. Having justified knowledge from reliable indicators is, therefore, necessary but not sufficient for normatively justifying physicians to act. This means that deliberation about the results of reliable algorithms is required to find out what is a desirable action. Thus understood, we argue that such challenges should not dismiss the use of black box algorithms altogether but should inform the way in which these algorithms are designed and implemented. When physicians are trained to acquire the necessary skills and expertise, and collaborate with medical informatics and data scientists, black box algorithms can contribute to improving medical care. (shrink)

Collection of monographs published by Instituto Vasco de Administración Publica from 1991 to 1999.

One of the major arenas for debate within generative grammar is the nature of paradigmatic relations among words. Intervening in key debates at the interface between syntax and semantics, this book examines the relation between structure and meaning, and analyses how it affects the internal properties of words and corresponding syntactic manifestations. Adapting notions from the Evo-Devo project in biology (the idea of 'co-linearity' between structural units and behavioural manifestations) Juan Uriagereka addresses a major puzzle: how words can be (...) both decomposable so as to be acquired by children, and atomic, so that they do not manifest themselves as modular to adults. (shrink)

Fear to contamination is an easy-to-provoke, intense, hard-to-control, and extraordinarily persistent fear. A worsening of preexisting psychiatric disorders was observed during the COVID-19 outbreak, and several studies suggest that those with obsessive–compulsive disorder may be more affected than any other group of people. In the face of worsening OCD symptoms, there is a need for mental health professionals to provide the support needed not only to treat patients who still report symptoms, but also to improve relapse prevention. In this line, (...) it is recommended to improve alternative strategies such as online consultations and digital psychiatry. The aim of this study is to develop augmented reality stimuli that are clinically relevant for patients with cleaning OCD and assess their efficiency to obtain emotionally significant responses. Four AR stimuli were developed: a plastic bag full of garbage, a piece of bread with mold, a dirty sports shoe, and a piece of rotten meat. All stimuli were shown to a clinical group and a control group. Relevant results were the design of the AR stimuli. These stimuli were validated with the statistical difference in perceived anxiety in the meat stimuli between the clinical and control groups. Nevertheless, when looking at effect sizes, all stimuli present effect sizes from small to large, with both shoe and bread between small and medium effect sizes. These results are a valuable support for the clinical use of these AR stimuli in the treatment of cleaning OCD. (shrink)

The paper argues that there are resources within theories of corrective justice to make the case against the deportation of immigrants, including those accused of committing criminal actions. More specifically, the argument defended here is that a nation acts impermissibly by deporting criminal immigrants who belong to countries that the nation itself wronged in a manner that contributed to create the migratory flow that led the immigrants in question there. In that case, admission and, equally important, permanent residence in the (...) host nation must be understood as a form of compensation for past wrongs, the interruption of which represents a breach of its duties of rectification, and is therefore unjust. Put in slightly different terms, some migrants have a retributive right-claim against their host state (which they may or may not exercise) to be admitted into the host state and not be deported. (shrink)

En este trabajo indago sobre la actualidad de la Ilustración en relación con la modernidad, la idea de historia y el lenguaje. Examino la construcción historiográfica de la Ilustración para distinguir los tópicos que caracterizan las rupturas y las continuidades en las sucesivas interpretaciones. Posteriormente, analizo la cuestión en el contexto del debate entre modernidad y posmodernidad. Finalmente, formulo la pregunta sobre la Ilustración en relación con las posibilidades de la filosofía de la historia y con el lenguaje. Se concluye (...) la necesidad de recuperar la filosofía de la historia como legado de la Ilustración, y se plantea cómo podría efectuarse tal recuperación. (shrink)

This research uses a survey to analyze types of benefits sought by partners in cross-sector collaborations in Spain and to test and build upon theories that indicate prior collaboration experience and partner alignment will positively affect value creation through the collaboration. Using exploratory factor analysis to operationalize a broad range of potential benefits into more specific concepts, the results of this study identify distinct factors that characterize the types of benefits sought by non-profit organizations and businesses engaged in cross-sector collaborations. (...) Findings show that prior experience and alignment positively affect each factor for value creation. Prior experience is also found to influence the type of benefits sought from cross-sector collaborations and to positively affect alignment in terms of mission and strategy. Unexpectedly, the study also finds that prior experience moderates the effect of alignment on value creation. (shrink)

In this project, we worked in partnership with school teachers who are frequent users of experimental kits available for loan to schools using the historical-investigative approach. The original kits bring a traditional approach to experimentation, without the presence of the history of science. We developed and implemented new guides to the kits, without changing their materials and instruments. Design-based research supports the development methodology; the school science topics covered in this paper are Joseph Black’s studies on latent and specific heat. (...) Although some of the challenges faced in the implementation of historical-investigative approach are known and well-documented, the present article addresses teachers’ perspectives and some of the problems they faced in the implementation process, most of them related to school and teacher working conditions. Even though this is a case study with a small number of schools and teachers, it is possible to say that there is a huge gap to overcome before the historical-investigative approach can be implemented in large scale. (shrink)

This edition is designed to open the enchanting book to all readers of modern Spanish. Raymond Willis has regularized and brought the medieval text as close as possible, without falsification, to modern canons. The text is printed integrally, without annotation. Mr. Willis' English paraphrase, printed on facing pages, is written in syntactical constructions that exactly parallel the Spanish verses, and thus functions as both a glossary and a key to puzzling constructions. Originally published in 1972. The Princeton Legacy Library uses (...) the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. (shrink)

From our everyday commuting to the gold medalist’s world-class performance, skillful actions are characterized by fine-grained, online agentive control. What is the proper explanation of such control? There are two traditional candidates: intellectualism explains skillful agentive control by reference to the agent’s propositional mental states; anti-intellectualism holds that propositional mental states or reflective processes are unnecessary since skillful action is fully accounted for by automatic coping processes. I examine the evidence for three psychological phenomena recently held to support anti-intellectualism and (...) argue that it supports neither traditional candidate, but an intermediate attention-control account, according to which the top-down, intention-directed control of attention is a necessary component of skillful action. Only this account recognizes both the role of automatic control in skilled action and the need for higher-order cognition to thread automatic processes together into a unified, skillful performance. This applies to bodily skillful action in general, from the world-class performance of experts to mundane, habitual action. The attention-control account stresses that, for intentions to play their role as top-down modulators of attention, agents must sustain the intention’s activation; hence, the need for reflecting throughout performance. (shrink)

This book studies the notions of order and universe in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. It provides an overview of an array of metaphysical concepts in Aquinas such as relation, proportion, types of order, composition, whole and part. It is claimed that Aquinas' metaphysics is mainaly a metaphysics of the order of the universe.

Does self-control require willpower? The question cuts to the heart of a debate about whether self-control is identical with some psychological process internal to the agents or not. Noticeably absent from these debates is systematic evidence about the folk-psychological category of self-control. Here, we present the results of two behavioral studies (N = 296) that indicate the structure of everyday use of the concept. In Study 1, participants rated the degree to which different strategies to respond to motivational conflict exemplify (...) self-control. Participants distinguished between intra-psychic and externally-scaffolded strategies and judged that the former exemplified self-control more than the latter. In Study 2, participants provided various solutions to manage motivational conflict and rated their proposals on effectiveness. Participants produced substantially more intra-psychic strategies, rated them as more effective, and advised them at a higher rate than externally-scaffolded strategies. Taken together, these results suggest that while people recognize a plurality of strategies as genuine instances of self-control, purely internal exercises of self-control are considered more prototypical than their externally-scaffolded counterparts. This implies a hierarchical structure for the folk psychological category of self-control. The concept encompasses a variety of regulatory strategies and organizes these strategies along a hierarchical continuum, with purely intra-psychic strategies at the center and scaffolded strategies in the periphery. (shrink)

Functionalism as a philosophical position has been recently applied to the case of emotion research. However, a number of objections have been raised against applying such a view to scientific theorizing on emotions. In this article, I argue that functionalism is still a viable strategy for emotion research. To do this, I present functionalism in philosophy of mind and offer a sketch of its application to emotions. I then discuss three recent objections raised against it and respond to each of (...) them. These objections claim that functionalism is intractable because (i) it does not support a scientifically interesting taxonomy of emotions for experimental settings, (ii) it is inherently teleological, and (iii) it cannot be falsified. I argue that these objections either rely on a simplified version of functionalism as a philosophical position or they pose challenges that functionalists can readily address. Lastly, I conclude by drawing some lessons these objections suggest for a tractable functionalist account of emotions. (shrink)

Considerando retrospectivamente os desdobramentos da filosofia, é possível observar que, antes de reconhecer e reafirmar as singularidades de seu exercício, o discurso filosófico tem sua origem intimamente associada à poesia. Evidenciando alguns momentos de cisão e outros momentos de contato entre o discurso poético e o discurso filosófico, o presente ensaio visa abordar e refletir sobre o diálogo entre esses dois discursos ao longo do tempo. Nesse horizonte, consideraremos estrategicamente os trabalhos de autores como Homero, Platão, Goethe, F. Schlegel e (...) Schelling, a fim de evidenciar as oscilações e salientar alguns movimentos específicos dentro desse longo diálogo. (shrink)

Researchers often claim that self-control is a skill. It is also often stated that self-control exertions are intentional actions. However, no account has yet been proposed of the skillful agency that makes self-control exertion possible, so our understanding of self-control remains incomplete. Here I propose the skill model of self-control, which accounts for skillful agency by tackling the guidance problem: how can agents transform their abstract and coarse-grained intentions into the highly context-sensitive, fine-grained control processes required to select, revise and (...) correct strategies during self-control exertion? The skill model borrows conceptual tools from ‘hierarchical models’ recently developed in the context of motor skills, and asserts that self-control crucially involves the ability to manage the implementation and monitoring of regulatory strategies as the self-control exercise unfolds. Skilled agents are able do this by means of flexible practical reasoning: a fast, context-sensitive type of deliberation that incorporates non-propositional representations into the formation and revision of the mixed-format intentions that structure self-control exertion. The literatures on implementation intentions and motivation framing offer corroborating evidence for the theory. As a surprising result, the skill of self-control that allows agents to overcome the contrary motivations they experience is self-effacing: instead of continuously honing this skill, expert agents replace it with a different one, which minimizes or prevents contrary motivations from arising in the first place. Thus, the more expert you are at self-control, the less likely you are to use it. (shrink)

Effort and the feeling of effort play important roles in many theoretical discussions, from perception to self-control and free will, from the nature of ownership to the nature of desert and achievement. A crucial, overlooked distinction within the philosophical and scientific literatures is the distinction between theories that seek to explain effort and theories that seek to explain the feeling of effort. Lacking a clear distinction between these two phenomena makes the literature hard to navigate. To advance in the unification (...) and development of this area, this article provides an overview of the main theories of the nature of effort and the nature of the feeling of effort, and then discusses how efforts and their feelings are related. Two key takeaways emerge. First, there is widespread agreement that efforts are goal-directed actions. Second, one of the main philosophical issues to be decided is whether feelings of effort should be defined by reference to efforts (effort-first approach), or whether efforts are defined by reference to the feeling of effort (feeling-first approach). (shrink)